Russian Federation
Russian Federation
The aseptic necrosis of the condyles of the tibia and femur is a disabling disease often leading to the knee joint arthroplasty. Having analyzed the literary sources on this topic the authors proved the importance of conducting differential diagnostics for predicting efficiency of the disease therapy and clarifying the type of osteonecrosis and its stage.
aseptic necrosis of the condyles of the tibia and femur, osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis of the knee joint, SPONK, SONK, SIFK, primary osteonecrosis, secondary osteonecrosis
1. Il'inyh E.V., Barskova V.G., Lidov P.I. i dr. Osteonekroz. Chast' 1 Faktory riska i patogenez // Sovremennaya revmatologiya. – 2013 – № 1 – S. 17–24.
2. Bhatnagar N., Sharma S., Gautam V.K., Kumar A., Tiwari A. Characteristics, management, and outcomes of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Indian population. // Int Orthop. – 2018 Jul; 42(7):1499–1508. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-018-3878-y
3. Aldridge J.M. Urbaniak J.R. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: etiology, pathophysiology, classification, and current treatment guidelines // Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). – 2004 Jul; 33(7):327– 32
4. Lieberman J.R., Berry D.J., Mont M.A., Aaron R.K., Callaghan J.J., Rajadhyaksha A.D., Urbaniak J.R. Osteonecrosis of the hip: management in the 21st century // Instr Course Lect. – 2003; 52:337–55.
5. Karim A.R., Cherian J.J., Jauregui J.J., Pierce T., Mont M.A. Osteonecrosis of the knee: review // Ann Transl Med. – 2015 Jan; 3(1):6. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.11.13
6. Harreld K.L., Marker D.R., Wiesler E.R., Shafiq B., Mont M.A. Osteonecrosis of the humeral head // J Am Acad Orthop Surg. – 2009 Jun; 17(6):345–55. Doi:https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200906000-00003
7. Cooper C., Steinbuch M., Stevenson R., Miday R., Watts N.B. The epidemiology of osteonecrosis: findings from the GPRD and THIN databases in the UK // Osteoporos Int. – 2010 Apr; 21(4):569–77. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-1003-1
8. Sibilska A., Góralczyk A., Hermanowicz K., Malinowski K. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: what do we know so far? A literature review // Int Orthop. – 2020 Jun; 44(6):1063–1069. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04536-7
9. Bittner J., Hartstein A. Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee // J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. – 2018 Oct; 48(10):824. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7923
10. Mont M.A., Marker D.R., Zywiel M.G., Carrino J.A. Osteonecrosis of the knee and related conditions // J Am Acad Orthop Surg. – 2011 Aug; 19(8):482-94. Doi:https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201108000-00004
11. Agarwala S.R., Vijayvargiya M., Sawant T. Secondary osteonecrosis of the knee as a part of long COVID-19 syndrome: a case series // BMJ Case Rep. – 2022 Mar 29; 15(3):e248583. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr- 2021-248583
12. Di Caprio F., Meringolo R., Navarra M.A., Mosca M., Ponziani L. Postarthroscopy Osteonecrosis of the Knee: Current Concepts // Joints. – 2017 Nov 6; 5(4):229-236. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608666
13. Husain R., Nesbitt J., Tank D., Verastegui M.O., Gould E.S., Huang M. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK): The role of MR imaging in predicting clinical outcome // J Orthop. – 2020 Nov 19; 22:606-611. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2020.11.014
14. Suhas S., Govid V.J., Shakti P.D. Osteonecrosis of the Knee: The Unintended Consequence of Steroid Abuse // Clinical Medicine & Research March. – 2024, 22 (1) 37–43. https: //doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2024.1855
15. Magomedgadzhiev M.G., Torgashin A.N., Ivanov K.S., Rodionova S.S., Dzyuba A.M. Postartroskopicheskiy sindrom posle chastichnoy rezekcii meniska. Rezul'taty klinicheskogo issledovaniya // Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. – 2025 – vypusk 1 https: //doi.org/10.17513/spno.33930
16. Jurus J., Lindstrand A., Geijer M., Robertsson O., Magnus T. The natural course of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) A 1- to 27-year follow-up of 40 patients // Acta Orthopaedica. – 2013; 84 (4):410–414. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2013.81052117 Lee S., Saifuddin A. Magnetic resonance imaging of subchondral insufficiency fractures of the lower limb // Skelet Radiol. – 2019; 48:1011–1021. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-019-3160-4
17. Torgashin A.N., Morozov A.K., Torgashina A.V., Magomedgadzhiev R.M., Fedotov I.A., Rodionova S.S. Otek kostnogo mozga v differencial'noy diagnostike zabolevaniy kolennogo sustava // Vestnik travmatologii i ortopedii im. N.N. Priorova. – 2024 T. 31, № 4 S. 647–663. https: //doi.org/10.17816/vto630870
18. Ochi J., Nozaki T., Nimura A., Yamaguchi T., Kitamura N. Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee: review of current concepts and radiological differential diagnoses // Jpn J Radiol. – 2022 May; 40(5):443–457. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-021-01224-3
19. Boontanapibul K., Steere J.T., Amanatullah D.F., Huddleston J.I., Maloney W.J., Goodman S.B. Initial Presentation and Progression of Secondary Osteonecrosis of the Knee // J Arthroplasty. – 2020 Oct; 35(10):2798–2806. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2020.05.020
20. Rupasov A., Cain U., Montoya S., Blickman J.G. Imaging of Posttraumatic Arthritis, Avascular Necrosis, Septic Arthritis, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, and Cancer Mimicking Arthritis // Radiol Clin North Am. – 2017 Sep; 55(5):1111–1130. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2017.04.014
21. Türker M., Çetik Ö., Çırpar M., Durusoy S., Cömert B. Postarthroscopy osteonecrosis of the knee // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2015 Jan; 23(1):246-50. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2450-y
22. Serrano D.V., Saseendar S., Shanmugasundaram S., Bidwai R., Gómez D., D'Ambrosi R. Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee: State of the Art // J Clin Med. – 2022 Nov 25; 11(23):6943. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236943
23. Ezhov I.Yu. Posttravmaticheskiy asepticheskiy nekroz golovki bedrennoy kosti // Travmatologiya i ortopediya Rossii. – 1996 – № 1 – S. 22–25.
24. Zayceva M.Yu., Netyl'ko G. I. Eksperimental'noe modelirovanie avaskulyarnogo osteonekroza myschelkov bedrennoy i bolynebercovoy kostey // Travmatologiya i ortopediya Rossii. – 2005 – № 3(36). – S. 36–39.
25. Scapinelli R. Studies on the vasculature of the human knee joint // Acta Anat. – 1968 – V. 70, N 2 – P. 305–309. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000143133
26. Riggs S., Wood M., Kelly P. The relationship between blood flow and The"™ labeled methylene diphosphonate uptake in bone scanning // Transactions of the 28m Annual Meeting O.R.S. – New Orleans. – 1982 – P. 56–59.
27. Horikawa A., Miyakoshi N., Shimada Y., Kodama H. Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee: A Retrospective Analysis by Using MRI and DEXA // Open Orthop J. – 2016 Nov 16; 10:532–538. Doi https://doi.org/10.2174/1874325001610010532
28. Akamatsu Y., Mitsugi N., Hayashi T., Kobayashi H., Saito T. Low bone mineral density is associated with the onset of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee // Acta Orthop. – 2012 Jun; 83(3):249–55. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2012.684139
29. Berger C.E., Kröner A., Kristen K.H., Minai-Pour M., Leitha T., Engel A. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: biochemical markers of bone turnover and pathohistology // Osteoarthritis Cartilage. – 2005 Aug; 13(8):716–21. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.003
30. Holland J.C., Brennan O., Kennedy O.D., Rackard S., F.J. O’Brien, Lee T.C. Subchondral osteopenia and accelerated bone remodelling post-ovariectomy – a possible mechanism for subchondral microfractures in the aetiology of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee? // J. Anat. – 2013; 222 – R. 231–238.
31. Yamamoto T., Bullough P.G. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: the result of subchondral insufficiency fracture // J Bone Jt Surg Am. – 2000; 82:858–866. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200006000- 00013
32. Pareek A., Parkes C.W., Bernard C., Camp C.L., Saris D.B.F., Stuart M.J., Krych A.J. Spontaneous Osteonecrosis/Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures of the Knee: High Rates of Conversion to Surgical Treatment and Arthroplasty // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 2020 May 6; 102(9):821–829. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.19.0038134 Tanaka Y., Mima H., Yonetani Y., Shiozaki Y., Nakamura N., Horibe S. Histological evaluation of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle and short-term clinical results of osteochondral autografting: a case series // Knee. – 2009; 16:130–135. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2008.10.013
33. Mears S.C., McCarthy E.F., Jones L.C., Hungerford D.S., Mont M.A. Characterization and pathological characteristics of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee // Iowa Orthop J. – 2009; 29:38–42.
34. Gorbachova T., Amber I., Beckmann N.M., Bennett D.L., Chang E.Y., Davis L. et al. Nomenclature of subchondral nonneoplastic bone lesions // AJR Am J Roentgenol. – 2019; 213:963–982. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.19.21571
35. Muscolo D.L., Costa-Paz M., Ayerza M., Makino A. Medial meniscal tears and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee // Arthroscopy. – 2006; 22-4:457-60.
36. Robertson D.D., Armfield D.R., Towers J.D. et al. Meniscal root injury and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: an observation // J Bone Joint Surg Br. – 2009; 91(2):190-5.
37. Koshino T., Okamoto R., Takamura K., Tsuchiya K. Arthroscopy in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee // Orthop Clin N Am. – 1979; 10:609–618. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-5898(20)30754-9
38. Gardeniers J.W.M. ARCO committee on terminology and staging (report from the Nijmegen meeting) // ARCO News Letter. – 1991; 3:153–9.
39. Gardeniers J.V.M. Report of the committee of staging and nomenclature // ARCO news. – 1993; 5:79- 82
40. Pivec R., Johnson A.J., Mont M.A. Differentiation, Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis, Osteonecrosis, and Rapidly Progressive Osteoarthritis // Orthopedics. – 2013 Feb. – V. 36 – Issue 2: 118–125. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20130122-04
41. Pinsornsak P., Naratrikun K., Kanitnate S., Sangkomkamhang T. The one-leg standing radiograph: An improved technique to evaluate the severity of knee osteoarthritis // Bone Joint Res. – 2016 Sep; 5(9):436–41. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.59
42. Dogan S., Yildirim A., Mavili E., Senol S., Durak A.S., Ozturk M. Early Stage Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee: MR Imaging Findings // Eur J Gen Med. – 2012; 9(3):187–191.
43. Li J.D., Zhao D.W., Cui D.P., Yang L., Liu B.Y. (2011). Quantitative analysis and comparison of osteonecrosis extent of alcoholic ONFH using magnetic resonance imaging and pathology. 2011 Zhongguo Gu Yu Guan Jie, Sun Shang Za Zhi, 26, 689–691.
44. Karimova E.J., Rai S.N., Deng X., Ingle D.J., Ralph A.C., Neel M.D., Kaste S.C. MRI of knee osteonecrosis in children with leukemia and lymphoma: Part 1, observer agreement // AJR Am J Roentgenol. – 2006 Feb; 186(2):470–6. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1598
45. Karimova E.J., Rai S.R., Ingle D. et al. MRI of knee osteonecrosis in children with leukemia and lymphoma. Part 2 Clinical and imaging patterns // Am J Radiol. – 2006; 186: 477–482.
46. Sautina O.P., Hazov P.D. MRT-diagnostika rannih stadiy asepticheskogo nekroza bedrennyh kostey. – 2008
47. Cegarra Navarro M.F., Martıґnez Fernaґndez M., Blanco Barrio A., Lloret Estan F. Resonancia magneґtica de la osteonecrosis espontaґnea de la rodilla: їexiste un proceso agudo o croґnico predisponente? // Radiologıґa. – 2010; 52(3):234–240. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2009.12.013
48. Patela R., Eltgrotha M., Richard B. Souzac, Chiyuan A. Zhanga, Majumdara S., Thomas M. Linka, Motamedia D. Loaded versus unloaded magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee: Effect on meniscus extrusion in healthy volunteers and patients with osteoarthritis. European Journal of Radiology. - 2016, 100–107. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2016.05.002
49. Stephen J. Matzat, Jasper van Tiel, Garry E. Gold, Edwin H.G. Quantitative MRI techniques of cartilage composition // Quant Imaging Med Surg. – 2013; 3(3):162–174. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223- 4292.2013.06.04
50. Ryu K.N., Jin W., Park J.S. Radiography, MRI, CT, bone scan and PET-CT // Osteonecrosis. Heidelberg: Springer. – 2014; 179–195.
51. Dietrich Pape 1, Seil R., Kohn D., Schneider G. Imaging of early stages of osteonecrosis of the knee Orthop Clin North Am. – 2004 Jul; 35(3):293–303. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2004.04.00154 Wang M.Y., Zhang X.Y., Xu L., Feng Y., Xu Y.C., Qi L., Zou Y.F. Detection of bone marrow oedema in knee joints using a dual-energy CT virtual non-calcium technique // Clin Radiol. – 2019 Oct; 74(10):815. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2019.06.020
52. Shumskiy A.A., Turgunbaev T.N. Sistemnaya poterya kostnoy tkani u pacientov s asepticheskim nekrozom golovki bedrennoy kosti. Sbornik tezisov / 4-ya konferenciya s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Problema osteoporoza v travmatologii i ortopedii» // Moskva. – 2009 – S. 154
53. Weinstein R.S. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. – 2012 Sep; 41(3):595–611. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.004
54. Narvaez J.A., Narvaez J., De Lama E., Sanchez A. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee associated with tibial plateau and femoral condyle insufficiency stress fracture // Eur Radiol. – 2003; 13(8):1843–8. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-002-1775-6
55. Horikawa A., Miyakoshi N., Shimada Y., Kodama H. Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee: A Retrospective Analysis by Using MRI and DEXA // The Open Orthopaedics Journal. – 2016, 10 – 532– 538 Doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1874325001610010532
56. Mironov S.P., Kotel'nikov G.P. Ortopediya: nacional'noe rukovodstvo / 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – Moskva: GEOTAR-Media. – 2013 – 944 s.
57. Torgashin A.N., Rodionova S.S., Shumskiy A.A., Makarov M.A., Torgashina A.V., Ahtyamov I.F., Kovalenko A.N., Zagorodniy N.V., Mironov S.P. Lechenie asepticheskogo nekroza golovki bedrennoy kosti. Klinicheskie rekomendacii // Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya. – 2020; 58(6):637–645.
58. Torgashin A.N., Mursalov A.K., Rodionova S.S., Zagorodniy N.V. Osobennosti lecheniya asepticheskogo nekroza tarannoy kosti. Proekt klinicheskih rekomendaciy // Geniy ortopedii. – 2021 – T. 27. – № 2 – S. 153–162. Doi:https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-2-153-162
59. Torgashin A.N., Rodionova S.S. Obosnovanie ispol'zovaniya antirezorbtivnyh preparatov v lechenii asepticheskogo nekroza kostey // Opinion Leader. – 2020 – № 6 (35). – S. 64–68.
60. Tian L., Baek S.-H., Jang J. Imbalanced bone turnover markers and low bone mineral density in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head // International Orthopaedics. – 2018 – 42(7), 1545– 1549 Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-018-3902-2
61. Deutschmann H.A. et al. Search for occult secondary osteoporosis: impact of identified possible risk factors on bone mineral density // J. Intern. Med. – 2002; 252, 389–397. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365- 2796.2002.01040.x
62. Priemel M. et al. Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients // J. Bone Miner. – 2009 – Res. 25, 305–312. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.090728
63. Grieser T. Atraumatische und aseptische Osteonekrose großer Gelenke // Der Radiologe. –2019 July. – V. 59 – Issue 7 – Pp. 647–662.
64. Ragab Y., Emad Y., Abou-Zeid A. Bone marrow edema syndromes of the hip: MRI features in different hip disorders // Clin Rheumatol. – 2008 Apr; 27(4):475–82
65. Narvaez J. et al .Osteonecrosis of the knee: differences among idiopathic and secondary types // Rheumatology. – 2000; 39 (9): 982-989. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/39.9.982
